What's What in 3D Printing

3D Printing Glossary

The world of 3D printing is as expansive as it is intricate. Whether you’re a seasoned professional or a newcomer to the realm, understanding the terminology can greatly enhance your experience and proficiency. From components and processes to materials and techniques, our glossary offers clear, concise definitions to help demystify the jargon and clarify the nuances. Navigate your way through the dynamic landscape of 3D printing with our comprehensive guide, and elevate your understanding of this transformative technology.

Leveling sensors

Leveling sensors in 3D printers maintain a flat print platform for optimal printing. Types include inductive, capacitive, BLTouch, mechanical, and infrared sensors. Regular setup and maintenance are crucial for consistent print results.

Frames

The frame of a 3D printer is its foundational structure, holding all components and aiding in the printer’s stability and movement. The frame’s quality is essential for ensuring accurate and precise 3D printing.

Print Bed

The print bed in a 3D printer offers a stable surface for printing. It comes in various types: non-heated for PLA, heated for materials like ABS, removable for easy print removal, and auto-leveling for precise calibration. The chosen bed type depends on the printer and material, and regular maintenance ensures quality prints.

Filament Spool

A filament spool contains material for FDM 3D printers, often made of plastic or cardboard. They vary in size, typically labeled by weight, and hold materials like PLA, ABS, and PETG in various colors. It’s crucial to match the spool’s size and filament type with the printer and store it in a cool, dry area for optimal quality.

Resin Vat

A resin vat in SLA and DLP 3D printers holds UV-sensitive liquid resin. With a clear bottom made from materials like FEP or PDMS, it allows UV light to cure the resin layer by layer. For optimal printing, the vat needs regular cleaning, especially after use or when changing resin types. Handling resins requires caution and protective gear.

Powder Bed

In 3D printing, the powder bed is used in techniques like SLS, SLM, and EBM. A tool spreads the powder, which is then fused by lasers or electron beams. This method allows for intricate designs using various materials. However, it’s pricier and requires careful handling with safety gear.

Extruder Assembly

The extruder assembly in 3D printing feeds and melts the filament to form 3D objects. It has two parts: the “cold end” for feeding and the “hot end” for melting. Extruders come in two types: Direct drive, offering better control, and Bowden, allowing faster printing but needing more adjustments. The extruder’s design greatly affects print quality.

UV Laser or Light Source

3D printers use UV devices like SLA or DLP for resin printing. SLA uses lasers for precise layer-by-layer curing, while DLP projects an entire layer’s image for faster, but potentially lower resolution printing. The UV light’s type, intensity, and exposure affect the print’s quality and properties. Proper UV maintenance ensures consistent prints and longer printer lifespan.

Galvanometers

SLA 3D printers utilize galvanometers to guide UV laser beams across the resin. These devices translate electrical signals to mirror movements on both X and Y axes, ensuring accurate tracing. Superior galvanometers result in detailed, high-resolution prints.

Digital Light Processing (DLP) System

DLP is a resin-based 3D printing method using a micromirror device (DMD) chip to project UV patterns onto resin, curing entire layers at once. This technology offers fast printing speeds, high-resolution outputs, and fewer mechanical parts, making it ideal for jewelry and dental applications.

Laser or Heat Source

3D printers employ different heat sources based on their technology. FDM uses heaters to melt filament, SLA and DLP use UV light to cure resin, while SLS, SLM, and EBM fuse or melt powders using lasers or electron beams. The heat source significantly influences the print’s quality and finish.

Recoater

In 3D printers using SLS, SLM, and EBM technologies, recoaters spread powdered material evenly during printing. These components, typically blades or rollers, ensure uniform layering crucial for print quality. Proper maintenance and regular adjustments of recoaters are essential for optimal outcomes and consistency.

Motion Control System

Motion control systems in 3D printers determine material placement accuracy. They comprise motors, linear guides, belts or screws for movement, bearings to reduce friction, limit switches for position detection, and a control board for processing commands. Regular maintenance ensures optimal printer performance.

Control board

The control board is the 3D printer’s central “brain,” translating G-code instructions to manage printer functions. It houses a microcontroller, power components, and motor drivers. Notable boards include RAMPS, Arduino Mega 2560 with RAMPS shield, Smoothieboard, Duet, and Prusa’s Einsy board.

Z-axis Motion System

3D printers rely on Z-axis motion for vertical movements and layer precision. This system includes motors, screws for accuracy, linear guides, bearings, couplers, and position sensors. Proper maintenance and calibration ensure consistent and accurate printing.

Firmware

3D printer firmware, found on the control board, governs tasks like G-code interpretation and temperature regulation. Key open-source firmware includes Marlin, Repetier, and Smoothieware. Proper configuration ensures optimal printer performance and safety.

Temperature sensors

3D printers use temperature sensors for heat regulation. Thermistors, which change resistance with temperature, are common and affordable. Thermocouples, found in high-end printers, produce voltage with temperature changes. Proper maintenance of these sensors ensures print quality and safety.

Fans

3D printers use fans to manage heat and ensure safe operation. These include hot-end fans for filament flow, part cooling fans for material solidification, control board fans to prevent overheating, power supply fans for long sessions, and enclosure fans for temperature regulation. Proper fan maintenance extends printer longevity.

Heatsinks

Heatsinks in 3D printers, made from materials like aluminum or copper, dissipate heat to ensure safe and efficient operation. They regulate temperatures in the hot end, stepper motors, and electronic components, promoting consistent printing and safeguarding essential parts.

Power Supply

Power supplies convert AC to DC power for 3D printers. Typically using 12V or 24V, their power ratings range from 200W to 500W. Essential features include efficiency, safety protections, and cooling fans. Regular maintenance ensures printer safety and performance.

Peeling or release mechanism

In resin 3D printing, the peeling mechanism detaches solidified layers, ensuring print quality. Methods include tilting the container, using flexible vat bottoms, or adjusting the build platform’s movement. Regular maintenance is essential for optimal performance.

Limit switches

Limit switches in 3D printers detect when parts reach their maximum range, ensuring accuracy and safety. Mechanical switches use physical contact, while optical or inductive ones use light or magnetic fields. Regular maintenance ensures optimal performance.

Nozzle

The nozzle is a vital part of FDM 3D printers, controlling how melted filament is deposited. They range from 0.2mm to 1.0mm, with smaller nozzles offering finer details and larger ones enabling faster printing. Materials like brass or steel are used, and some have coatings to reduce friction and prevent clogs.

Emergency stop

An emergency stop in 3D printers quickly halts operations to prevent damage or accidents. This feature can be a physical button, software-based, or, as a last resort, turning off the power. Knowing and maintaining this function is crucial for user safety and equipment longevity.

Interlocks and Covers

Interlocks and covers in 3D printers enhance safety and protect the device. Interlocks lock moving parts to prevent accidents, while covers shield delicate components from external factors. Proper use of these features ensures accident prevention and printer longevity.

Filtration and Ventilation Systems

Filtration and ventilation systems in 3D printers, such as SLA, DLP, and SLS, keep the printing environment safe by reducing fumes and particles. Filtration uses filters, while ventilation circulates air and removes fumes. Regular maintenance ensures a safe and comfortable 3D printing process.

G-code and Slicing Software

G-code is a series of instructions generated by slicing software, directing the printer on how to create the object with detailed precision. Meanwhile, the slicing software takes a 3D model and converts it into G-code, essentially slicing the model into layers that the printer can then build sequentially.

User Interface

The user interface in 3D printers is the central control system for users to adjust settings, start prints, and monitor progress. It includes a touch or button-controlled screen for basic control and a computer program interface for advanced settings accessible via a connected PC or laptop.

Enclosure

3D printer enclosures come in two main types: full and partial. Full enclosures cover the entire printer, creating an ideal environment for printing. Partial enclosures shield specific crucial parts for localized protection and temperature control. These enclosures enhance safety and printing quality.

Automated Bed Leveling

Automated bed leveling is a useful feature in 3D printers that ensures a level print bed, vital for quality prints. It can be sensor-based, automatically detecting and adjusting, or software-assisted, guiding users through manual leveling with on-screen instructions.

Filament Runout Sensor

A filament runout sensor in 3D printers alerts or pauses printing when it detects filament depletion or breakage. Physical sensors detect the filament, while some advanced models use algorithms to predict runout based on usage patterns, improving user convenience and print reliability.

Dual or Multi-extruder Setups

Dual or multi-extruder setups in 3D printers enable the use of multiple filaments in a single print job. Dual-extruders have two extruders for two-color or two-material prints, while multi-extruder setups offer even more versatility. Beginners can start with single-extruder setups and progress to multi-extruders as they gain experience.

Camera

A camera in a 3D printer refers to a monitoring device installed in the printer to allow users to observe the printing process remotely. The device may have built-in or external cameras to make it easier to spot and rectify issues early in the process.

Wi-Fi or Ethernet Connectivity

Wi-Fi or Ethernet connectivity in 3D printers refers to the methods by which the printer can connect to a network, allowing for remote access and control. It can be a valuable feature, especially for users looking to manage multiple print jobs efficiently or monitor their prints remotely.

USB or SD Card Support

USB or SD card support refers to the 3D printers’ ability to read files directly from USB drives or SD cards, facilitating a straightforward way to transfer files from the computer to the printer. Having USB or SD card support on the 3D printer can be a convenient feature, enabling easy file transfers and reducing the reliance on a continuous connection to a computer.

Print Recovery or Power Loss Detection

Print recovery or power loss detection is a feature in 3D printers that allows the printing process to resume from where it left off in case of a power interruption. Implementing power loss detection and recovery features in a 3D printer can be a lifesaver, helping to avoid failed prints due to unexpected power interruptions.

Customizable Print Settings and Advanced Slicing Features

Customizable print settings and advanced slicing features refer to the options available in slicing software that allow users to fine-tune the printing parameters to achieve specific results. Exploring customizable print settings and advanced slicing features can unlock a new level of creativity and precision in 3D printing projects.

Heated Chamber

A heated chamber in 3D printing refers to an enclosed space around the print bed where the temperature is deliberately controlled to improve print quality. It maintains a consistent temperature, reducing the risks of warping and cracking that can occur with fluctuating temperatures. Additionally, it encloses the printing area, protecting the print from external factors such as drafts, which can affect the print quality.

Purging or Cleaning Stations

Purging or cleaning stations are additional setups in 3D printers used in multi-material or multi-color printing to clean the nozzles between filament changes. The station provides a dedicated area where excess material is extruded to prevent mixing colors or materials during a print job. It also includes tools or systems to clean the nozzle thoroughly, ensuring a clean start when switching materials or colors.

Additional Accessories or Attachments

In 3D printing, additional accessories or attachments refer to supplementary tools or devices that can be added to the printer to enhance its functionality or ease of use. These include various tools like spatulas, tweezers, or cleaning brushes that assist in the maintenance and post-processing of prints. Additional hardware can be added to the printer, such as laser engravers or additional cooling systems, to expand the printer’s capabilities.

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